Treating patients with MDD and a History of alcohol Abuse Week 8 Assessment Paper
Treating patients with MDD and a History of alcohol Abuse Week 8 Assessment Paper
Treating patients with MDD and a History of alcohol Abuse Week 8 Assessment Paper
Treating patients with MDD and a History of alcohol Abuse Week 8 Assessment Sample
Treating patients with MDD and a History of alcohol Abuse
The treatment of patients presenting with major depression disorder and a history of alcohol abuse requires careful planning, as medications given can easily interact with alcohol and harm the patients. One of the appropriate medications which can be used is Naltrexone which is a long-lasting opioid antagonist. This medication has been shown to be effective in depressive symptoms and the craving for alcohol and its rewarding impacts (Yoon et al.,2019). The appropriate dosage available includes 50 mg once daily for up to 12 weeks. However, there are also drugs that are contraindicated. For example, Amitriptyline should not be used by those who use alcohol since it affects the central nervous system and hence can seriously affect a person’s life as alcohol also dramatically increases amitriptyline plasma concentration. Naltrexone takes up to two hours to be effective.
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The Predictors of Late Onset of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder is another mental illness that has been shown to negatively impact individuals’ lives. The predictors for its late onset include:
- Mental health disorders such as phobia and depression
- Having chronic physical impairment such as cognitive impairment, dyslipidemia, heart failure, and respiratory disorders
- Recent adverse life events
- Being a female (Toussaint et al.,2020)
The Potential Neurobiology Causes Of Psychotic Major Depression
Psychotic major depression results in various negative impacts on a patient’s life. Some of the potential neurobiology causes of the condition include:
- Low levels of brain-driven neurotrophic factor;
- The abnormal function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and psychosocial adversity in childhood as childhood experiences have been shown to change the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity.
- The genes that influence serotonin metabolism as variations in genes such as polymorphisms have been shown to enhance depression risk
- Glutamate-mediated toxicity (Li et al.,2021)
The Five Symptoms That Are Required For An Episode Of Major Depression To Occur.
Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses that impact populations. Indeed, some people go through it without realizing it. However, episodes of major depression may be less common and are usually defined as a period of time lasting at least two weeks (Flory & Yehuda, 2020). As such, various symptoms must be observed for the period of major depression. They include:
- Suicidal thoughts or thoughts on death
- Having experiences such as difficulty in making decisions, problems with concentrating, and difficulty thinking
- Possessing feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness
- Substantial reduced pleasure or interest in activities most of the day and nearly daily for the duration
- Having a depressed mood most of the day for almost every day
Three Classes of Drugs With A Corresponding Example for Each Class That Precipitate Insomnia.
Insomnia can be precipitated using different classes of drugs. The classes of drugs and suitable examples include:
- Amphetamines and psychostimulants such as Vyvanse, Dexedrine, and Adderall
- Dopamine agonists such as Amantadine, Selegiline, Cabergoline, and Bromocriptine
- Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibitors include Zoloft, Fluoxetine, escitalopram, and Citalopram (Lou & Oks, 2021).
- References
Flory, J. D., & Yehuda, R. (2022). Comorbidity between post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder: alternative explanations and treatment considerations. Dialogues In Clinical Neuroscience. Doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.2/jflory
Li, Z., Ruan, M., Chen, J., & Fang, Y. (2021). Major depressive disorder: advances in neuroscience research and translational applications. Neuroscience Bulletin, 37, 863-880. Doi: 10.1007/s12264-021-00638-3.
Lou, B. X., & Oks, M. (2021). Insomnia: pharmacologic treatment. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 37(3), 401–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2021.04.003
Toussaint, A., Hüsing, P., Gumz, A., Wingenfeld, K., Härter, M., Schramm, E., & Löwe, B. (2020). Sensitivity to change and minimal clinically important difference of the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-7). Journal of Affective Disorders, 265, 395-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.032
Yoon, G., Petrakis, I. L., & Krystal, J. H. (2019). Association of combined Naltrexone and ketamine with depressive symptoms in a case series of patients with depression and alcohol use disorder. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(3), 337-338. 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3990
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Address the following Short Answer prompts for your Assignment. Be sure to include references to the Learning Resources for this week.
In 3 or 4 sentences, explain the appropriate drug therapy for a patient who presents with MDD and a history of alcohol abuse. Which drugs are contraindicated, if any, and why? Be specific. What is the timeframe that the patient should see resolution of symptoms?
List 4 predictors of late onset generalized anxiety disorder.
List 4 potential neurobiology causes of psychotic major depression.
An episode of major depression is defined as a period of time lasting at least 2 weeks. List at least 5 symptoms required for the episode to occur. Be specific.
List 3 classes of drugs, with a corresponding example for each class, that precipitate insomnia. Be specific.