Module A: Impact of Chronic Disease & Program Planning Model Essay

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November 8th, 2023

Module A: Impact of Chronic Disease & Program Planning Model Essay

Chronic Disease Process: Diabetes Mellitus

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Intervention Target Behavior(s): diabetes self-management (for diabetes patients) and diabetes prevention and screening
Target Population: American Natives population in New Western Mexico, males and females aged 40-65

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In Text Citation (as would appear in a paragraph)	National Data (incidence/prevalence)	State Data (incidence/prevalence)	Local (city/county) Data (incidence/prevalence)
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention[CDC], 2022) (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases [NIDDKD], n.d.).	1.4 million new cases of diabetes diagnosed in people aged 18 and above Native Americans (14.5%), Non-Hispanic black (12.1%), Hispanic(11.8%), Non-Hispanic Asian (9.5%), Non-Hispanic white (7.4%)	11.2% are diagnosed with diabetes 9.1% newly diagnosed cases among adults aged 18-79
American Diabetes Association (2021)		200 548 adults in New Mexico have diabetes 12.3% of the adult population have diagnosed with diabetes
(A. Jones, Personal Communication, 24^th March 2023)			6.8% of UHS 30-day readmission (14/207) from 2/22 to 3/23 10.2% of UHS 60-day readmission (29/283) from 1/22 to 3/23

In Text Citation (as would appear in a paragraph)	Target Population Additional Information (i.e., impact of the disease – economic costs [individual/institutional], mortality rates, lost wages/productivity, morbidity, etc.)
(Bullock et al., 2020)	The Native American population has the highest diabetes prevalence among US ethnic groups Women have a slightly higher prevalence than men All age groups are affected by diabetes, but the highest prevalence lies in ages 40-65 Overall diabetes prevalence in this population has significantly decreased from 2013-2017
(O’Connell & Manson, 2019 )	The diabetes burden is higher among individuals with low incomes Prevalence is higher among individuals with lower educational attainment Diabetic patients spend about three times more on healthcare costs Diabetes complications increase the direct cost of diabetes Indirect costs include costs related to mortality, morbidity and reduced productivity Medical spending on diabetes exceeds all other conditions
(K. McGill, Personal Communication, 19^th March 2023)	The rate of undiagnosed diabetes cases in Native Americans is high Complications are related to poor diabetes self-management Treating and managing diabetes complications significantly increases financial pressure in healthcare institutions The high mortality rates result from complications including neuropathy, retinopathy and amputations Diabetes-related mortality is higher in women than in men

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Program Planning Model:

In Text Citation (as would appear in a paragraph)	Step/Phase/ Component	Definition	Activities you might utilize for this planning phase
(Community Tool Box, n.d.)	Step 1-Mobilize	Develop a coalition including individuals and organizations that will work together/support the intervention	Identify community groups Approach healthcare institutions Define a purpose and vision for the coalition
	Step 2 -Assess	Identify community needs and resources to address the needs.	Identify needs- gather and evaluate information on diabetes-related issues in the community Prioritize issues-to determine which issue to address first
	Step 3-Plan	Develop an action plan with deadlines and concrete steps	Set a target, objectives and a feasible timeline Assign tasks and responsibilities to individuals Identify action strategies and potential measures
	Step 4-Implement	Work on completing the tasks and actions in the given timeframe	Monitor the activities Diabetes prevention and management programs Communicate progress with coalition members Develop a communication plan Showcase accomplishments
	Step 5-Track	Evaluation to identify whether the goal was met and the plan was followed	Evaluate the progress and outcomes Outcomes include number of 30 and 60 days’ readmission Number of diabetes complications reported Newly diagnosed diabetes cases Collect and analyze data Report progress and outcomes

In Text Citation (as would appear in a paragraph)	Notes: Evidence on Program Planning Model
(Caboral-Stevens et al., 2019)	MAP-IT framework used to create a sustainable healthy environment The study population had a high prevalence of chronic and cardiovascular diseases Mobilize- priority population identified/coalition created Assess- the community needs/ strengths and weaknesses, windshield survey Plan- to improve nutrition/sale and procurement of healthy food Implement- current food systems assessed, community food fairs conducted Track- Monthly and annual progress reports evaluated
(O’Cathain et al., 2019)	MAP-IT program planning model is used to implement interventions in diabetes The study findings support using MAP-IT Community groups/needs are identified and prioritized The plan of action gives the intervention deadlines Eases implementation using a communication plan Monitoring and evaluation of progress and outcomes inform changes in future interventions

References

American Diabetes Association (2021). The Burden of Diabetes in New Mexico. Accessed March 23^rd 2023 from https://diabetes.org/sites/default/files/2021-11/ADV_2021_State_Fact_sheets_New%20Mexico_rev.pdf

Bullock, A., Sheff, K., Hora, I., Burrows, N. R., Benoit, S. R., Saydah, S. H., Hardin, C. L., & Gregg, E. W. (2020). Prevalence of diagnosed diabetes in American Indian and Alaska Native adults, 2006-2017. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care, 8(1), e001218. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001218

Caboral-Stevens, M., Gee, M., Kachaturoff, M., & Wu, T. Y. (2019). MAP-IT in Action: Developing a Plan to Improve the Food Systems Frequented by Bangladeshi Americans Living in Hamtramck, Michigan. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 9(9). 350–355. http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.9.09.2019.p9345

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022). National Diabetes Statistics Report. https://nationaldppcsc.cdc.gov/s/article/CDC-2022-National-Diabetes-Statistics-Report

Community Tool Box (n.d.) Section 14. MAP-IT: A Model for Implementing Healthy People 2020. Accessed March 23^rd 2023 from https://ctb.ku.edu/en/community-tool-box-toc/overview/chapter-2-other-models-promoting-community-health-and-development-54

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (n.d.). Diabetes Statistics. Accessed March 23^rd 2023 from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-statistics/diabetes-statistics

O’Cathain, A., Croot, L., Sworn, K., Duncan, E., Rousseau, N., Turner, K., Yardley, L. & Hoddinott, P. (2019). Taxonomy of approaches to developing interventions to improve health: a systematic methods overview. Pilot and Feasibility Studies, 5(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-019-0425-6

O’Connell, J. M., & Manson, S. M. (2019). Understanding the economic costs of diabetes and prediabetes and what we may learn about reducing the health and economic burden of these conditions. Diabetes Care, 42(9), 1609–1611. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci19-0017

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Required Readings:

Association of Family Health Teams of Ontario (2016, February). Program planning & evaluation: Framework for FHTs and NPLCs. https://www.afhto.ca/wp-content/uploads/Program-Planning-and-Evaluation-Framework-February-2016.pdf
Links to an external site.
[This week’s focus: Sections 2, 4.1.2, 4.1.3, 4.2.2, 4.3, and 4.4]
Healthy People 2030 Browse Objectives – The website has been expanded for it’s 2020 iteration and now includes not only conditions, but information on target behaviors, populations, and settings. https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives
Links to an external site.
National Cancer Institute (2012). Theory at a glance: A guide for health promotion practice (2nd). (NIH Publication No. xx-xxxx). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/theory.pdf
Links to an external site.
[This week’s focus: Part 1: Foundations in Health Promotion; Part 3: Putting Theory and Practice Together]
Rural Health Information Hub (n.d.) Module 2: Rural health promotion and disease prevention program approaches. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration. https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org/toolkits/health-promotion/2/program-approaches
Links to an external site.
[This week’s focus: Module 2: Program Models]
The Epidemiologist’s Bathtub – handout in Module A materials

Suggested Websites:

Impact of Chronic Disease:

Bernell, S. & Howard, S.E. (2016, August 2). Use your words carefully: What is chronic disease? Frontiers in Public Health, 4: 159. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00159
Links to an external site.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2020, March 25). Chronic disease. http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/index.htm
Links to an external site.
(This is a page providing links to specific information related to chronic diseases, related data, etc. If you use information from these subsections you will need to provide the appropriate title and hyperlinks)
California Partnership for Access to Treatment. (n.d.) The growing crisis of chronic disease in the United States http://www.fightchronicdisease.org/sites/default/files/docs/GrowingCrisisofChronicDiseaseintheUSfactsheet_81009.pdf
Links to an external site.
State and Local Department of Health Sites
If you are having trouble finding local statistics, consider reaching out to specialists’ offices, support groups, and/or educators at your facility. They may have local data.

Program Planning:

McCawley, P.F. (n.d.). The Logic Model for program planning and evaluation. University of Idaho, University of Idaho extension. http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/edComm/pdf/CIS/CIS1097.pdf
Links to an external site.
Innovation Network (n.d.) Logic model workbook [PDF]. http://www.pointk.org/client_docs/File/logic_model_workbook.pdf
Links to an external site.Community Tool Box – http://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents

Links to an external site.

– Excellent resource for program planning – Chapter 2; Sec 1 (Logic Models), and Sec 13 (MAP-IT).

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