Discussion: Gibbs’ Model in Mental Health Management

Discussion: Gibbs’ Model in Mental Health Management

ASSESSMENT Brief (specific)

Summative (final) assessment comprises of a 4,000 words (3 parts):

Part 1 (1,000 words) – historical concepts

Using two examples, critically analyse historical and contemporary approaches to mental health.

Discuss one example of socio-economic influences on mental health

Part 2 – Case study (specific) (2,000words)

Select one of the case studies provided Place this in the appendix in your assessment).

· Analyse the case study, and identify a possible diagnosis from the description provided, justifying reasons for selecting the type of mental health problem. Link with available literature.

· Discuss the possible forms of treatment and intervention and how the person can be supported, taking into considerations the available mental health services in the U.K..

· Discuss the implications of this diagnosis for the person concerned, including any potential risks.

· Critically reflect on how current policy and legislation would define best practice to meet the holistic needs of this service user.

Part 3 – Reflection (1,000 words)

Using Gibbs’ Model, reflect on how the case study you have discussed could develop and inform your practice when working and /or caring for individuals with mental health issues. What have you learned from undertaking this case study?

Specific Assessment Criteria:

(Please note that the General Assessment Criteria will also apply. Please see section 15)

Secondary Research Level HE6 – it is expected that your reference list will contain 15-20 relevant sources. As a MINIMUM the reference list should include 3 refereed academic journal articles and 5 academic books.

Theoretical Models for Mental Health Counseling

Person-Centered Therapy (PCT)

Theory Type: Humanistic

Key Concepts:

• View of humans is positive.
• Humans have inclination toward becoming fully functioning.
• Client actualizes potential, moving toward increased awareness, spontaneity, trust in self, and inner directedness.
• Maladjustment is result of discrepancy between what person wants to be and what a person is.
• Focus is on the present moment and on experiencing and expressing feelings.
• Relationship is of primary importance (genuineness, warmth, accurate empathy, respect, permissiveness, congruence, unconditional positive regard).
• Client has capacity to resolve problems and is resourceful.
• Fully experiencing the present moment.
• Mental health is a congruence of ideal self and real self.

Techniques:

• Attitude of counselor important.
• Therapeutic relationship is mechanism of change.
• Active listening and hearing. Reflection of feelings. Clarification.
• Being there for client.
• Not problem solving, but focusing on the growth process.

Key Figures:

• Carl Rogers

Goals:

• Provide safe climate conducive to client exploration.
• Clients to move toward self actualizing.
• Exploration and inner growth.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Theory Type: Pragmatic

Key Concepts:

• Person’s belief system is primary cause of disorders.
• Assess how thoughts, feelings, and behavior impact others… then one can change.
• Help client become aware of self-talk.
• Internal dialogue is central role in one’s behavior.
• More collaborative relationship than REBT.
• Aligns with many concepts of REBT.

Techniques:

• Homework.
• Teaching more effective coping skills.
• Psychoeducation.
• Stress management training.
• Practice new self-statements.
• Apply new skills in real life.

Key Figures:

• Donald Michenbaum

Goals:

• Examine and confront faulty assumptions and misconceptions.
• Seek out dogmatic beliefs and minimize them.
• Become aware of automatic thoughts and change them.

Reality Therapy (RT)

Theory Type: Pragmatic

Key Concepts:

• All human behavior strives to meet needs for survival, belonging, power, freedom, fun.
• Choice theory: we are self determining beings.
• People choose total behavior so we are responsible for actions, behaviors, feelings, psychological states.
• Phenomenological world—client focuses on ways they perceive and react.
• We create a “quality world,” which is the best way we meet our needs.
• Focus is in the present.
• Humans are motivated for change.
• Clients ultimately responsible for evaluating current situation and making plan for change.

Techniques:

• WDEP model:
  • Wants.
  • Direction and doing.
  • Evaluation.
  • Planning and commitment.

Key Figures:

• William Glasser

Goals:

• Balance needs.
• Learn to make effective choices.
• Accept responsibility.
• Satisfy needs more effectively.

Gestalt Therapy

Theory Type: Humanistic

Key Concepts:

• Existential/phenomenological approach.
• Personal responsibility.
• Stresses feelings and influence of unfinished business on personality development.
• People strive for wholeness and integration of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
• People have the capacity to recognize how earlier influences are related to present difficulties.
• Emphasis on the “what” and “how” of experiencing the here-and-now.
• Personal responsibility, unfinished business, avoiding, experiencing, awareness of now.
• Unfinished business.

Techniques:

• Awareness. Empty chair.
• Dream-work. Intensify experience.
• Integrate conflicting feelings.
• Confrontation. Role-playing.
• Dialogue with polarities.
• Staying with feelings.
• Re-living or re-experiencing unfinished business.
• Interpretation by client not counselor.

Key Figures:

• Fritz Perls
• Laura Perls
• Miriam Polster
• Erving Polster

Goals:

• Assist client in gaining awareness of moment-to-moment experience.
• Help client accept responsibility for internal support rather than external support.
• Gain self responsibility.

Adlerian Therapy

Theory Type: Psychodynamic

Key Concepts:

• Positive view of human nature.
• People are motivated by social interest.
• Provides encouragement to help meet goals.
• Holistic rather than reductionistic.
• We crave sense of belonging.
• T/C relationship is of mutual respect and collaboration.
• People are in charge of their fate.
• Strive toward goals.
• Changing cognitive perspective.
• We create a “lifestyle” at an early age.
• Birth order.
• Feelings of inferiority create creativity and change.

Techniques:

• Variety of cognitive, behavioral and experimental techniques.
• Counselor is creative with techniques.
• Therapeutic relationship.
• Analysis of family constellation.
• Analysis of lifestyle.
• Analysis of early recollections.
• Homework assignments.

Key Figures:

• Alfred Adler
• Rudolph Dreikurs

Goals:

• Challenge mistaken goals and faulty assumptions.
• Develop client’s sense of belonging.
• Change behaviors that enhance feeling of community and social interest.
• Increase sense of equality with others.

Solution-Focused Therapy (SFT)

Theory Type: Contemporary

Key Concepts:

• Change can occur in short time.
• Future based. Phenomenological.
• People are healthy, competent, and resourceful.
• Postmodern approach — philosophy that acknowledges the complexity and subjectivity of the human experience.
• Little attention to pathology and diagnosis.
• Problems are not pathology.

Techniques:

• Miracle questions.
• Finding exceptions.
• Strength assessment.
• Scaling.
• Look for unique outcomes.
• Do more of what is working.

Key Figures:

• Steve de Shazer
• Insoo Kim Berg

Goals:

• Identify problems and change them.
• Identify ways problems are maintained.