Diabetes and Drugs Treatment Essay

Diabetes and Drugs Treatment Essay

Diabetes and Drugs Treatment Essay

Diabetes and Drugs Treatment: Discussion Post Replies
Hi Danielle,
Your post is quite interesting and insightful. You have brought out the differences between the three diabetes types clearly. I agree that juvenile diabetes is no longer considered a serious diabetes type since more and more children are being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. I would also like to add pre-diabetes, which you did not mention. According to Khan et al. (2019), pre-diabetes is a health condition whereby blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, pre-diabetes increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, stroke, and cardiovascular disease.

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Additionally, you mentioned that the best drug therapy for treating gestational diabetes is insulin injections, supported by medical nutrition therapy and daily exercise. An alternative drug for the treatment of gestational diabetes is glyburide. Glyburide is a sulfonylurea that treats gestational diabetes by triggering the pancreas to produce more insulin or assisting the body in using insulin (Affres et al., 2021). The medication is administered orally and used together with nutrition therapy and exercise. The common dosage for glyburide is starting dose of 2.5-5mg POD to 20mg POD. The dosage is increased every 1-2 weeks depending on the finger stick blood glucose pattern (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021).
Finally, the patient education strategies that would be used for a gestational diabetes patient include offering educational materials on blood glucose monitoring to the patient and including a family member in the treatment and management of the condition. In addition, I believe it is essential to emphasize the importance of exercise and maintaining the recommended diet in the patient education content.

References
Affres, H., Senat, M. V., Letourneau, A., Deruelle, P., Coustols-Valat, M., Bouchghoul, H., & Bouyer, J. (2021). Glyburide therapy for gestational diabetes: Glycaemic control, maternal hypoglycemia, and treatment failure. Diabetes & Metabolism, 47(4), 101210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabet.2020.11.002
Khan, R. M. M., Chua, Z. J. Y., Tan, J. C., Yang, Y., Liao, Z., & Zhao, Y. (2019). From pre-diabetes to diabetes: diagnosis, treatments and translational research. Medicina, 55(9), 546. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55090546
Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2021). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice nurses and physician assistants (2nd ed.) St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.

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Danielle Elizabeth Belle Brandenburg
SaturdayMar 25 at 12:14pm
Manage Discussion Entry
Rosenthal and Burchum (2021) distinguish between the types of diabetes, stating that type I is an autoimmune process where an individual’s body attacks β cells, requiring lifelong insulin and nutritional management; to note, it used to be referred to as juvenile diabetes, but it is not an accurate term anymore because young children are recently being diagnosed with type II (p. 397a). In contrast, Rosenthal and Burchum (2021) highlight how type II is the most prevalent, affects individuals of all ages, and results from insulin resistance without effect on pancreatic β cells (p. 397a). Unlike type I, type II is treated with “an oral antidiabetic or noninsulin injectable agent and/or insulin, but always in combination with a reduced-calorie diet and appropriate exercise” (Rosenthal & Burcham, 2021, p. 397a). There is no juvenile diabetes anymore, given that children can be impacted by both types I and type II. Gestational diabetes, the diagnosis I will focus on for the remainder of this post, is “defined as diabetes that appears in the pregnant patient during pregnancy and then subsides rapidly after delivery” (Rosenthal & Burcham, 2021, p. 397a). Like the other forms of diabetes, gestational diabetes can be treated with diet control, exercise, and insulin.
Gestational diabetes requires “that blood glucose levels must be monitored six to seven times a day” and “insulin dosage and food intake must be adjusted accordingly” (Rosenthal & Burcham, 2021, p. 397a). They also summarize that insulin needs are higher after the first trimester of pregnancy, so insulin levels should be adjusted accordingly (p. 405). It is noted that “lifestyle modifications, including medical nutrition therapy and daily exercise, are considered the primary therapeutic strategy for GDM” because “they are associated with lower weight gain during pregnancy, thus improving glycemic control and reducing the risk of complications in both uncomplicated and GDM pregnancies” (Kintiraki & Goulis, 2018). They emphasize that “insulin constitutes the gold standard treatment for GDM” (Kintiraki & Goulis, 2018). Notably, “most women achieve glycemic targets with nutritional therapy alone, and ~30% will require supplementary treatment” (Sandu et al., 2020). Sandu et al. (2020) note that insulin therapy would be appropriate if more holistic interventions cannot maintain target blood glucose levels. Humalog is a form of insulin a patient with GDM might use. Rosenthal and Burchum (2021) explain that this rapid-acting insulin begins working in 15-30 minutes, and the effects last for up to 6 hours (p. 402). Patients using this form of insulin must be prepared to eat right after administering the subcutaneous injection to prevent dangerous occurrences of hypoglycemia. Dosage is based on weight, trimester of pregnancy, and glucose reading.
Luckily, women with gestational diabetes might not have diabetes for the rest of their lives. In fact, “in most cases the diabetic state disappears almost immediately after delivery, permitting discontinuation of insulin” (Rosenthal & Burcham, 2021, p. 402). In addition, there are few long-term impacts of this type of diabetes, including minimal side effects of insulin except for hypoglycemia.
References
Kintiraki, E., & Goulis, D. G. (2018). Gestational diabetes mellitus: Multi-disciplinary treatment approaches. Metabolism, 86, 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2018.03.025
Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2021). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice nurses and physician assistants (2nd ed.) St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
Sandu, C., Bica, C., Salmen, T., Stoica, R., Bohiltea, R., Gherghiceanu, F., Pacu, I., Stefan, S., Serafinceanu, C., & Stoian, A. (2020). Gestational diabetes modern management and Therapeutic Approach (review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9512